|
The Crimean Khanate (Crimean Tatar/Turkish: or ; (ロシア語:Крымское ханство) ''Krymskoye khanstvo''; (ウクライナ語:Кримське ханство) ''Kryms’ke khanstvo''; (ポーランド語:Chanat Krymski)), was a Turkic vassal state of the Ottoman Empire during 1478 to 1774, the longest-lived of the Turkic khanates that succeeded the empire of the Golden Horde. It was established by Hacı I Giray in 1449. Its khans were the patrilineal descendants of Toqa Temür, thirteenth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan, through marriage. Temür married one of Genghis Khan's grand daughters. It was located in present-day Russia and Ukraine. Ottoman forces under Gedik Ahmet Pasha conquered all of the Crimean peninsula and joined it to the khanate in 1475. During the 16th and 17th centuries, it was an important center of the slave trade. In 1774, it was released as a nationally independent state following the Russo-Turkish Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, and formally annexed by the Russian Empire in 1783, becoming the Taurida Governorate. ==Naming and geography== English-speaking writers during the 18th and early 19th centuries often called the territory of the Crimean Khanate and of the Lesser Nogai Horde ''Little Tartary'' (or subdivided it as ''Crim Tartary'' (also ''Krim Tartary'') and ''Kuban Tartary'').〔 Edmund Spencer, ''Travels in Circassia, Krim-Tartary &c: Including a Steam Voyage Down the Danube from Vienna to Constantinople, and Round the Black Sea'', Henry Colburn, 1837. 〕 The name "Little Tartary" distinguished the area from (Great) Tartary - those areas of central and northern Asia inhabited by Turkic peoples or Tatars. The Khanate included the Crimean peninsula and the adjacent steppes, mostly corresponding to the parts of South Ukraine between the Dnepr and the Donets (i.e. including most of present-day Zaporizhia Oblast, left-Dnepr parts of Kherson Oblast, besides minor parts of southeastern Dnipropetrovsk Oblast and western Donetsk Oblast). The territory controlled by the Crimean Khanate shifted throughout its existence due to the constant incursions by the Cossacks, who had lived along the Don since the disintegration of the Golden Horde in the 15th century. The London-based cartographer Herman Moll in a map of c. 1729 shows "Little Tartary" as including the Crimean peninsula and the steppe between Dnepr and Mius River as far north as the Dnepr bend and the upper Tor River (a tributary of the Donets).〔 ''To His Most Serene and August Majesty Peter Alexovitz Absolute Lord of Russia &c. This map of Moscovy, Poland, Little Tartary, and ye Black Sea &c. is most Humbly Dedicated by H. Moll Geographer'' ((raremaps.com )). The map shows Little Tartary as reaching the left bank of the Dnepr, and as including the Kalmius but not the Mius, to the north reaching as far as the Tor (Torets) basin, somewhat south of Izium. Other geographers (but not Moll) sometimes included in "Lesser Tartary" the territory of the Lesser Nogai Horde in Kuban, east of the Sea of Azov (in Moll's map labelled separately as ''Koeban Tartary''). 〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Crimean Khanate」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|